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Hemingway in the Martyred City: April, 1937

Ernest Hemingway with Ilya Ehrenburg and Gustav Regler during the Spanish Civil War, not dated, circa 1937. Hemingway Photograph Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston. Public Domain.

In April 1937, Ernest Hemingway filed a series of dispatches from Madrid on the atrocious Nationalist bombing campaigns. Curiously, he failed to mention the attack on Guernica.

The legion of international observers – journalists, photographers, writers and “celebrities” of all kinds – passing through Spain during the Spanish Civil War undoubtedly shaped how that conflict was viewed, both at the time and across the decades. In August 1936 the work of a handful of foreign correspondents, Jay Allen being the most prominent among them, made the insurgent repression in Badajoz so notorious that the Francoist forces subsequently kept the press corps well out of the way while they “cleansed” Toledo in late September. Most famously, news of the aerial destruction of the Basque town of Guernica on April 26, 1937 stirred up an int

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Surrealism originated in the late 1910s and early ’20s as a literary movement that experimented with a new mode of expression called automatic writing, or automatism, which sought to release the unbridled imagination of the subconscious. Officially consecrated in Paris in 1924 with the publication of the Manifesto of Surrealism by the poet and critic André Breton (1896–1966), Surrealism became an international intellectual and political movement. Breton, a trained psychiatrist, along with French poets Louis Aragon (1897–1982), Paul Éluard (1895–1952), and Philippe Soupault (1897–1990), were influenced by the psychological theories and dream studies of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and the political ideas of Karl Marx (1818–1883). Using Freudian methods of free association, their poetry and prose drew upon the private world of the mind, traditionally restricted by reason and societal limitations, to produce surprising, unexpected imagery. The cerebral and irrational tenets of Surrealism find their ancestry in the clever and whimsical disregard for tradition fostered by Dadaism a de

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El río de dos corazones

«El río de dos corazones», o «El gran río Two-Hearted» (en inglés: «Big Two-Hearted River»), es un cuento en dos partes del escritorestadounidenseErnest Hemingway, publicado por primera vez en la edición de 1925 del primer libro de cuentos de Hemingway, En nuestro tiempo (In Our Time), por el editorial Boni & Liveright. Tiene un protagonista único, Nick Adams, el personaje autobiográfico recurrente en la obra de Hemingway cuya voz se oye hablar sólo tres veces. El cuento explora las características destructivas de la guerra que son contrarrestadas por los poderes curativos y regenerativos de la naturaleza. Cuando se publicó, los críticos elogiaron el estilo de escritura sobrio de Hemingway, y el cuento se convirtió en una obra importante del canon del escritor.

Es una de las primeras obras en que Hemingway utiliza su teoría del iceberg, un enfoque modernista en la prosa en el cual el significado subyacente se insinúa en vez de que se mencione explícitamente. El cuento es casi exclusivamente descriptivo e intencionalmente carente de trama.